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To account for this, specific yield tables and growth models for coppices of different broad-leafing tree species were developed. The biomass production differs compared to non-harvested trees, especially for black locust. Stump shoots typically grow in densely populated stands and often have several shoots per stump. Stump shoot sprouting occurs in many broad-leafed trees in response to harvest or damage and is a characteristic feature of the special forest management practice known as (short rotation) coppicing. Vegetative reproduction strategies of black locust include re-sprouting stump shoots and root suckers. Nevertheless, scarification intensity has not been researched much, particularly in seeds from an eight-year-old short rotation coppice. Moreover, increasing germination and seedling density was observed in the year immediately following a fire event it is likely that some seeds survive fire and benefit from the light availability. Additionally, seeds are dormant and Voss and Edward observed germination of black locust seeds 88 years after the seeds were collected. Seeds prefer mineral-rich sandy and loamy-sandy soil. Hence, seeds require scarification for successful germination and priming of seeds is favorable. As black locust belongs to the Fabaceae family, the seed coat is hard and impermeable. A maximum of 15,559 flowers per tree were counted in an eight-year-old black locust plantation, and 12,000 seeds/m 2 were identified in a monodominant stand black locust thus produces an abundance of seeds. Moreover, the production of black locust honey is very common and economically important, especially in Hungary. Many insects benefit from this characteristic, including honeybees. Black locust starts flowering at the age of six years.
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īlack locust possesses many growth characteristics that makes it ideal for short-rotation biomass production such as: rapid growth, high drought tolerance, and nitrogen-fixation, as well as the ability to reproduce via stump shoots in response to harvest. However, other studies consider black locust to be an alternative tree species, for example for European ash ( Fraxinus excelsior), whose high dieback is caused by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus.
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Nevertheless, some studies have declared black locust to be an invasive non-native tree species in Europe. In Germany, a change in energy policies aimed towards a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and greater utilization of renewable energy since 2004 marked an increase in fast-growing tree production, including black locust in short rotation coppices (harvested every 2–20 years). Today, black locust appears in many European countries, especially in Hungary, Northern Germany, Western Poland, Czech Republic, Southern Slovakia, and Eastern Austria. By the early 17th century, black locust had been introduced to Europe. All in all, the three reproduction strategies of black locust in short rotation coppices differ with regards to initialization, intensity, and growth performance, but all play a role in the survival and spreading of black locust.īlack locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) originated in the eastern part of North America, particularly in the Appalachian regions. The OBIA and CNN image analysis technologies achieved 97% and 99.5% accuracy for black locust classification in UAS images. Furthermore, spreading increases with greater light availability and decreasing tillage. Moreover, it was found that the number of shoots per stump decreases as shoot age increases. The analyses showed that seed germination increases with increasing warm-cold variety and scarification. Additionally, the classification of single UAS images was tested by applying a convolutional neural network (CNN), a deep learning model. Spreading was detected and measured with unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based images and classification technology-object-based image analysis (OBIA).
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Seed experiments and sample plots were analyzed for the study. This research study focused on seed germination, stump shoot resprout, and spreading by root suckering of black locust in ten short rotation coppices in Germany. However, little research has been conducted on the reproduction and spreading of black locust in short rotation coppices. Black locust is able to reproduce via seeds, stump shoots, and root suckers. Varying reproduction strategies are an important trait that tree species need in order both to survive and to spread.
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